Simulating the Holocene climate evolution at northern high latitudes using a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Hans Renssen  Hugues Goosse  Thierry Fichefet  Victor Brovkin  Emmanuelle Driesschaert  Frank Wolk 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(1):23-43

The response of the climate at high northern latitudes to slowly changing external forcings was studied in a 9,000-year long simulation with the coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model ECBilt-CLIO-VECODE. Only long-term changes in insolation and atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄ content were prescribed. The experiment reveals an early optimum (9–8 kyr BP) in most regions, followed by a 1–3°C decrease in mean annual temperatures, a reduction in summer precipitation and an expansion of sea-ice cover. These results are in general agreement with proxy data. Over the continents, the timing of the largest temperature response in summer coincides with the maximum insolation difference, while over the oceans, the maximum response is delayed by a few months due to the thermal inertia of the oceans, placing the strongest cooling in the winter half year. Sea ice is involved in two positive feedbacks (ice-albedo and sea-ice insulation) that lead regionally to an amplification of the thermal response in our model (7°C cooling in Canadian Arctic). In some areas, the tundra-taiga feedback results in intensified cooling during summer, most notably in northern North America. The simulated sea-ice expansion leads in the Nordic Seas to less deep convection and local weakening of the overturning circulation, producing a maximum winter temperature reduction of 7°C. The enhanced interaction between sea ice and deep convection is accompanied by increasing interannual variability, including two marked decadal-scale cooling events. Deep convection intensifies in the Labrador Sea, keeping the overall strength of the thermohaline circulation stable throughout the experiment.  相似文献   

Position de la limite Cénomanien-Turonien dans la Formation Bahloul de Tunisie centrale: apports intégrés des ammonites et des isotopes du carbone (δ13C)     

Francis Amédro  Hugues Accarie  Francis Robaszynski 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2005,98(2):151-167

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A hindcast simulation of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variability, 1955–2001     

Thierry Fichefet  Hugues Goosse  Miguel Angel Morales Maqueda 《Polar research》2003,22(1):91-98

A hindcast simulation of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variability during 1955-2001 has been performed with a global, coarse resolution ice-ocean model driven by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis daily surface air temperatures and winds. Both the mean state and variability of the ice packs over the satellite observing period are reasonably well reproduced by the model. Over the 47-year period, the simulated ice area (defined as the total ice-covered oceanic area) in each hemisphere experiences large decadal variability together with a decreasing trend of Ø1% per decade. In the Southern Hemisphere, this trend is mostly caused by an abrupt retreat of the ice cover during the second half of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. The modelled ice volume also exhibits pronounced decadal variability, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Besides these fluctuations, we detected a downward trend in Arctic ice volume of 1.8% per decade and an upward trend in Antarctic ice volume of 1.5% per decade. However, caution must be exercised when interpreting these trends because of the shortness of the simulation and the strong decadal variations. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments have revealed that the trend in Antarctic ice volume is model-dependent.  相似文献   

Erosion and Flooding—Threats to Coastal Infrastructure in the Arctic: A Case Study from Herschel Island,Yukon Territory,Canada     

Boris Radosavljevic  Hugues Lantuit  Wayne Pollard  Paul Overduin  Nicole Couture  Torsten Sachs  Veit Helm  Michael Fritz 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(4):900-915

Arctic coastal infrastructure and cultural and archeological sites are increasingly vulnerable to erosion and flooding due to amplified warming of the Arctic, sea level rise, lengthening of open water periods, and a predicted increase in frequency of major storms. Mitigating these hazards necessitates decision-making tools at an appropriate scale. The objectives of this paper are to provide such a tool by assessing potential erosion and flood hazards at Herschel Island, a UNESCO World Heritage candidate site. This study focused on Simpson Point and the adjacent coastal sections because of their archeological, historical, and cultural significance. Shoreline movement was analyzed using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) after digitizing shorelines from 1952, 1970, 2000, and 2011. For purposes of this analysis, the coast was divided in seven coastal reaches (CRs) reflecting different morphologies and/or exposures. Using linear regression rates obtained from these data, projections of shoreline position were made for 20 and 50 years into the future. Flood hazard was assessed using a least cost path analysis based on a high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) dataset and current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sea level estimates. Widespread erosion characterizes the study area. The rate of shoreline movement in different periods of the study ranges from ?5.5 to 2.7 m·a^?1 (mean ?0.6 m·a^?1). Mean coastal retreat decreased from ?0.6 m·a^?1 to ?0.5 m·a^?1, for 1952–1970 and 1970–2000, respectively, and increased to ?1.3 m·a^?1 in the period 2000–2011. Ice-rich coastal sections most exposed to wave attack exhibited the highest rates of coastal retreat. The geohazard map combines shoreline projections and flood hazard analyses to show that most of the spit area has extreme or very high flood hazard potential, and some buildings are vulnerable to coastal erosion. This study demonstrates that transgressive forcing may provide ample sediment for the expansion of depositional landforms, while growing more susceptible to overwash and flooding.  相似文献   

Paleomagnetic study of Sicily: consequences for the deformation of Italian and African margins over the last 100 million years     

Jean Besse  Jean-Pierre Pozzi  Georges Mascle  Hugues Feinberg 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,67(3):377-390

Paleomagnetic analysis of Cenozoic sediments from the Iblean platform (12 sites, 100 samples) has provided four new poles. These data are combined with those available from volcanic series to yield a new apparent polar wander path for “stable” Sicily since the Upper Cretaceous. This curve, when compared to a revised curve for Africa (using a selection of available data points), demonstrates a 15° rotation of Sicily with respect to Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. This rotation accounts for the extensional tectonic regime that prevails in the Pelagian Sea and which is evidenced by “en relais” rifts (Malta, Pantelleria, Linosa), associated with alkaline volcanism of Pliocene and Quaternary age. Paleomagnetic directions from various areas of the Italian Peninsula also indicate anticlockwise rotations with diverse amplitudes. The chronology of these rotations is consistent with a deformation of the western Italian margin during progressive suturation from north to south of the Corsican-Sardinian block since the end of the Oligocene.  相似文献   

Les formations burdigaliennes de Corse orientale dans leur cadre géodynamique     

Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot  Michel Durand-Delga  Hugues Feinberg  Yves Gourinard  Jean Magné 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(10):919-930

The earliest marine sediments of eastern Corsica, linked to the birth of the Corsica Basin, are represented by granitic breccia of the Saint-Antoine Formation and pelagic marls of the Alzelle Formation. They are dated as Mid-Burdigalian by nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera (relative age and grade datings between 18.7 and 18.3 Ma). The Aghione Formation (Latest Burdigalian–Langhian) lies upon the Alzelle Formation. A component of the major East-Corsican faults, the Saint-Antoine Fault, underwent extensional activity during the Burdigalian and until the Late Miocene, when occurred the uplift of the Castagniccia antiform. To cite this article: M.-D. Loÿe-Pilot et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

A TEM investigation of shock metamorphism in quartz from the Vredefort dome, South Africa     

Hugues Leroux  Wolf Uwe Reimold  Jean-Claude Doukhan 《Tectonophysics》1994,230(3-4):223-239

The origin of the Vredefort structure in South Africa is still debated. Several causes have been discussed, namely asteroid impact, internal gas explosion or tectonic processes. Evidence of dynamic rock deformation is pervasive in the form of planar features in quartz grains, shatter cones, veins of pseudotachylite and occurrence of coesite and stishovite (high-pressure quartz polymorphs). A number of these characteristics is widely believed to support an impact origin. However, the planar features in quartz, which are generally considered as one of the strongest indicators of impact, are in the Vredefort case considered as anomalous when compared with those from accepted impact structures.

We have investigated by optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the defect microstructures in quartz grains from different lithologies sampled at various places at the Vredefort structure. Whatever the locality, only thin mechanical Brazil twin lamellae in the basal plane are observed by TEM. So far, such defects have only been found in quartz from impact sites, but always associated with sets of thin glass lamellae in rhombohedral planes 10−1n with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4. At the scale of the optical microscope, Brazil twins in (0001) are easily detected in Vredefort quartz grains because of the numerous tiny fluid inclusions which decorate them. Similar alignments of tiny fluid inclusions parallel to other planes are also detected optically, but at the TEM scale no specific shock defects are detected along their traces. If these inclusion alignments initially were shock features, they are now so severely weathered that they can no longer be recognized as unambiguous shock lamellae. Fine-grained coesite was detected in the vicinity of narrow pseudotachylite veinlets in a quartzite specimen, but stishovite was not found, even in areas where its occurrence was previously reported. Finally, definite evidence of high-temperature annealing was observed in all the samples. These observations lead us to the conclusion that our findings regarding microdeformation in quartz are consistent with an impact origin for the Vredefort structure. Most of the original shock defects are now overprinted by an intense post-shock annealing episode. Only the thin mechanical twin lamellae in the basal plane have survived.  相似文献   

Detrital clay grain coats in estuarine clastic deposits: origin and spatial distribution within a modern sedimentary system,the Gironde Estuary (south‐west France)     

Maxime Virolle  Benjamin Brigaud  Raphaël Bourillot  Hugues Fnis  Eric Portier  Thibault Duteil  Julius Nouet  Patricia Patrier  Daniel Beaufort 《Sedimentology》2019,66(3):859-894

Porosity and permeability may be preserved in deep sandstone reservoirs by clay coating (mainly chlorite) which limits quartz overgrowths. Chloritization around quartz grains results mainly from mineralogical transformations of pre‐existing clays. It is fundamental to study those clay precursors to better understand and predict the location and distribution of clay coatings in subsurface sandstones for petroleum or geothermal prospecting. This paper reports a high‐resolution analysis of the composition, distribution and fabric of clays along a modern estuary, the Gironde (south‐west France). The scale of the study ranges from thin sections, through sand bar bodies, up to the entire estuary. Results show that clays are detrital and deposited at the same time as sand grains despite strong hydrodynamic conditions. Clays bind to medium‐grained sands forming detrital clay grain coats. On average, 26% of detrital sand grains are coated along the entire length of the estuary. Coat thickness varies from 1 μm to more than 200 μm, and coat coverage exceeds 30% in some samples. The turbidity maximum zone position (surface water turbidity from 1 to 10 g l^?1) in the estuary, which is controlled by seasonal variations in hydrodynamic processes, significantly impacts the location of the maximum clay content and the abundance of coated grains in sandy facies along the estuary. Flocculation in the water column results in the accumulation of suspended matter and contributes to the high turbidity in the estuary. Exopolymeric substances produced by diatoms are observed both in the field and by cryo‐scanning electron microscopy, suggesting that they may play a major role in binding detrital clay around sand grains. Finally, tidal bars and heterolithic point bars in the estuary funnel and estuarine channels are prime sedimentological targets for finding clay coatings and potentially good reservoir quality in deeply buried sandstones.  相似文献   

Tube wave to shear wave conversion at borehole plugs     

Tim Seher  Stephane Rondenay  Hugues Djikpesse 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(3):540-551

In hydraulic fracturing experiments, perforation shots excite body and tube waves that sample, and thus can be used to characterize, the surrounding medium. While these waves are routinely employed in borehole operations, their resolving power is limited by the experiment geometry, the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and their frequency content. It is therefore useful to look for additional, complementary signals that could increase this resolving power. Tube‐to‐body‐wave conversions (scattering of tube to compressional or shear waves at borehole discontinuities) are one such signal. These waves are not frequently considered in hydraulic fracture settings, yet they possess geometrical and spectral attributes that greatly complement the resolution afforded by body and tube waves alone. Here, we analyze data from the Jonah gas field (Wyoming, USA) to demonstrate that tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversions can be clearly observed in the context of hydraulic fracturing experiments. These waves are identified primarily on the vertical and radial components of geophones installed in monitoring wells surrounding a treatment well. They exhibit a significantly lower frequency content (10–100 Hz) than the primary compressional waves (100–1000 Hz). Tapping into such lower frequencies could help to better constrain velocity in the formation, thus allowing better estimates of fracture density, porosity and permeability. Moreover, the signals of tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversion observed in this particular study provide independent estimates of the shear wave velocity in the formation and of the tube wave velocity in the treatment well.  相似文献   

Imprints of wave climate and mean sea level variations in the dynamics of a coastal spit over the last 250 years: Cap Ferret,SW France     

Alphonse Nahon  Déborah Idier  Nadia Sénéchal  Hugues Féniès  Cyril Mallet  Julie Mugica 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(11):2112-2125

In coastal areas, sea level rise (SLR) and changing wave climates are expected to be the main oceanic drivers of shoreline adjustments. These drivers have been shown to vary on a wide spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. Nonetheless, a general rule about how this variability impacts global shorelines remains to be articulated. Here, we discuss the impacts of wave climate changes and SLR on the evolution of a barrier spit–inlet system over the last 250 years. The distal end of the Cap Ferret barrier spit, SW France, has undergone large-scale oscillations that were well correlated with variations of the decadal average of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The local wave climate hindcast supports that increased alongshore wave energy fluxes associated with the positive phase of the NAO were responsible for the updrift retreat of the spit. By opposition, the spit has elongated downdrift when waves were less energetic and more shore normal, as during the negative phase of the NAO. In addition, lower rates of SLR appeared to be necessary for the spit to develop, as higher rates of SLR very likely forced the adjacent inlet to enlarge, at the expense of the spit. These results should help to predict and detect coastal adjustments driven by climate change and by climate variability. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献